Darwin Skeptics.
A Select List
of Science Academics,
Scientists and Scholars Who are Skeptical of Darwinism.
|
Author: Jerry Bergman
Ph.D. |
Essays by Author |
Creationists List 7/21/2007
Compiled by Jerry Bergman Ph.D.
It is commonly claimed that no
scientist rejects macroevolution or Darwinism (by which is meant evolutionary
naturalism). For example, Dr. Steve
Jones. professor of genetics at university college of London, said that “no
scientist denies the central truth of The Origin, the idea of descent
with modification... plants, animals and everything else descended from a
common ancestor” (2000, p. xvii, xxiii).
Other writers avoid the words “all” or “no scientist” and, instead,
claim that “almost no scientist” rejects Darwinism. In an article refuting “wiccan creationism,” the author claimed
that
evolutionary theory has been confirmed to such a
high degree and has such great explanatory power that it is the central organizing
principle of the biological sciences today.
Modern biology is basically unthinkable outside of the context of
evolution and that is why it is accepted without reservations by pretty much
every working scientists [sic] in the life sciences. It also isn’t really questioned in the other natural sciences,
either, like physics or chemistry.
The
author then makes the following absolutist statement:
Evolution is taken as a fact—and while there
might be disagreements about some of the details of how evolution proceeds, there
are no disagreements about the idea that it does occur and that it is the
explanation for the diversity of life on our planet. Ashtaroth’s claim is exactly the opposite of
the truth, which is that “almost no scientist puts any stock in any other
attempted explanation for the diversity of life—especially creationism”
(http://atheism.about.com/b/a/063194.htm.
Accessed May 28, 2004, p. 1).
This view is not an isolated
example. The late Ernst Mayr, Alexander Agassiz Professor of Zoology at Harvard
University, is “one of the most influential evolutionary theorists of our time”
(Ferris, 2001, p. 326). Mayr declared
that “no educated person any longer questions the validity of the so-called
theory of evolution, which we now know to be a simple fact” (Mayr, 2001, p.
141). He has been claiming this for
over 40 years—in 1967 he wrote that “evolution is accepted by every scientist”
and for this reason it is no longer necessary to “enumerate painstakingly the
proofs for evolution” Mayr, 1967. p. v). In 1971 Mayr claimed that he did “not
know of a single well-informed person who questions the factuality of
evolution” (p. 49). Not one
person! Mayr defines evolution, which
he calls “Darwinism,” as the rejection of “all supernatural phenomena and
causations. The theory of evolution by
natural selection explains the adaptedness and diversity of the world solely
materialistically. It no longer
requires God as creator or designer” (2001, p. 138).
Mayr adds that “eliminating God
from science made room for strictly scientific explanations of all natural
phenomena” (2001, p. 138). Furthermore,
Mayr concludes, the “truly outstanding achievement” of Darwinism is that his
theory “makes unnecessary the invocation of ‘final causes’—that is, any
teleological forces” (2001, p. 136). I was able to, with little difficulty,
assemble a list of almost 3,000 scientists and professors who reject
evolutionary naturalism, most of whom hold the Ph.D. degree in science. This is a small percent of the estimated
113,000 Darwin skeptics in the United States alone accordingly to Harvard
researcher
The following scientists and
educators all reject “Darwinism” according to this definition of Evolutionism
and Darwinism, proving Mayr’s claim that “no educated person any longer
questions the validity” of Darwinism, as Mayr defines it, to be not only false,
but grossly irresponsible. Yet, Mayr
admitted evolution is an historical science, not an empirical science:
Evolutionary biology, in contrast with physics
and chemistry, is a historical science—the evolutionist attempts to explain
events and processes that have already taken place. Laws and experiments are inappropriate techniques for the
explication of such events and processes.
Instead one constructs a historical narrative, consisting of a tentative
reconstruction of the particular scenario that led to the events one is trying
to explain (2001, p. 135).
Given
his acknowledgement of this fact, it is all the more surprising that Mayr would
be so dogmatic as to the validity of Darwinism. And to give one more example, Joseph McInerney, the director of Biological
Sciences Curriculum Study which publishes Biological Science: An
Ecological Approach, said “creationists maintain that ‘scientists disagree
about evolution.’ That is a deliberate
misrepresentation of biology. In fact, all
scientists accept the reality of evolution” (quoted in Hill, 1996, pp. 5,7,
emphasis mine). This erroneous view has
been accepted at least since 1922 when Professor George Duncan claimed that
Evolution is well-nigh universally accepted by
all scientific men as the best explanation for the facts of life. The American Association for the Advance of
Science with over 1400 members, comprising most of the scientific men of the
United States and Canada, affirmed, in December, 1922, without a dissenting
vote, the following: “No scientific generalization is more strongly supported
by thoroughly tested evidences than is that of evolution. The evidences for the evolution of man are
sufficient to convince every scientist of not in the world.” ...H.F. Osborn of
Columbia University writes: “Evolution has long since passed out of the domain
of speculation, of hypothesis, and even of theory. It is a law of living nature as firmly and incontrovertibly
established as the law of gravitation in respect to the celestial spheres”
(Duncan, 1931, pp. 31-32).
Others acknowledge that some
Darwin skeptic scientists exist, but conclude that the number is very
small. For example, Samuel Kounaves
argues evolutionary naturalists include “99.9999 percent of the scientific
community” (2005, p. 1). One would
think that scientists would consult the scientific literature before they make
such outrageous claims. No shortage of
empirical studies on this topic exists, so it would be easy to determine Mayr’s
and these other claims are false.
The sources of this list include
primarily persons of the editors acquaintance, or from their involvement in
creationist or Darwin doubter organizations, or books that they have written. The list is very incomplete, and I apologize
for the many omissions. I estimate
that, given the time and resources, I could easily complete a list of 10,000
names. I am also on three discussion
groups involving close to 400 creationists, mostly professionals or professors
in the area of science, that could add another several hundred names to this
list. I did not add names unless the person was out of the closet or gave his
or her permission.
On my list I have well over 3,000
names including Nobel Prize winners but, unfortunately, a large number of
persons that could be added to the public list, including many college
professors, did not want their name listed because of real concerns over
possible retaliation or harm to their careers. Many of those who did not want
their names on the public list are young academics without tenure, or academics
who are concerned about if outing them could damage their career. Many on this
list are secure tenured professors, teach at Christian Universities that
protect their academic freedom to criticize Darwinism, or are in industry, or
in a medical field where less antagonism exists to questioning Darwin. Some on
this list are now involved full time in speaking and writing on origins, and no
longer depend on secular employment to put bread on the family table. Many are
also retired, thus no longer face retaliation for their doubts about Darwin.
Some consented to include their names only if their current employment was not
listed. This is an ongoing project and I greatly appreciate the contributions
of the many persons who have helped me in this several year long project. I
contacted most of those on this list. If they have published books or articles
that clearly express doubts about Darwinism, or were active in various creation
or ID movements, I did not always contact them.
References
Anonymous. 2006.
“A Scientific Dissent from Darwinism.”
www.dissentfromdarwin.com, February.
______. 2006.
“Over 5000 Scientists Proclaim their Doubts about Darwin’s Theory,
Scientific Dissent from Darwinism Continues to Grow, Say Experts.” Available on www.dissentfromdarwin.com.
Dennett,
Daniel C. 2006. Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural
Phenomenon. New York, NY: Viking.
Duncan,
George. 1931. Prehistoric Man.
Boston, MA: Stratford.
Ferris,
Timothy (editor). 2001. The Best American Science Writing 2001. New York, NY: HarperCollins.
Hill,
David. 1996. “Counter Evolutionary.” Education
Week, Nov. 20, pp. 1-12.
Kounaves,
Samuel. 2005. “Kounaves: Evolution is Much More Than Just a Scientific
‘Hunch.’” The Winchester Star,
March 17.
Mayer,
William V. 1971. “Letters to the Editor: Evolution vs.
Special Creation.” The American
Biology Teacher, January, pp. 50-51.
Mayr,
Ernst. Foreword to Process and
Pattern in Evolution by Terrell H. Hamilton. New York MacMillan.
______.
1971. “Letters to the Editor: Evolution
vs. Special Creation.” The American
Biology Teacher, January, pp. 49-50.
______. 2001.
“Darwin’s Influence on Modern Thought” (pp. 134-142) in Ferris.
Darwin Skeptics
Earl M. J. Aagaard PhD. Professor of Biology at Southern Adventist
University. His BA and MA are both in biology from Pacific Union College and
his PhD is in Fish and Wildlife Biology from Colorado State University.
Gerald E. Aardsma Ph.D. a research scientist, earned a BS and MS in
Physics, and a Ph.D. in Nuclear Physics from the University of Toronto in 1984
for his research in accelerator mass spectrometry.
Benjamin L. Aaron M.D. is Professor Emeritus of Surgery of George
Washington University and Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery at the George
Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C. He received his premed degree (Phi Beta Kappa) from the University
of Missouri and his M.D. from the University of Texas. He has held post-doctoral fellowships at the
Medical College of Virginia and the University of Alabama. He is most well known for heading the
surgical team that saved the life of president Ronald Reagan.
Donald Abb M.S. has a BS from Delaware Valley College in
Doylestonwn, PA in Biology and a MS from Southern Illinois University at
Carbondale, IL in Ecology and Ornithology (Zoology) and. He was a tenured Assistant Professor of
Biology at The Kings College in New York.
Charles Abei Ph.D. is Professor Emeritus at Ohio Valley
College, where he served as a professor from 1964 to 1998.
John Leo Abernethy PhD Professor emeritus of Chemistry at Fresno State
University and former Associate of the Journal of Chemical Education. His M.S.
and PhD are from Northwestern University, both in chemistry.
Nathaniel Abraham Ph.D. is now
Associate Professor of Biology at Liberty University. He has a B.V.S from Tamilnadu Veterinary University, and a M.S.
and Ph.D., both in biology, from St. John’s University.
S. Thomas Abraham PhD Assistant Professor Pharmacology and Toxicology
Campbell University of Pharmacy.
Gary L. Achtemeier
Ph.D. is a USDA Forest
Service scientist and Director of the Southern High-Resolution Modeling
Consortium. He has a Ph.D. in
Meteorology from Florida State University.
Paul D. Ackerman
Ph.D. is Assistant
Chairperson since 1990, and Assistant Professor of Psychology since 1968, in
the Psychology Department at Wichita State University. Dr. Ackerman received his BA, his MA, and
his Ph.D. in Social Psychology, all from the University of Kansas.
Donald O. Acrey Sr. B.S. received a BS
in Geology from Southern Methodist University in Dallas, Texas and was a
geophysicist for the petroleum industry until his recent retirement.
Rush K. Acton M.D.,
an orthopedic surgeon, is Associate Professor of Orthopedic Surgery and
Associate Professor of Anatomy at the University of Miami. He is an ICR author. His M.D. is from ?
Richard Acworth Ph.D. received an MA in Philosophy from the
Sorbonne a Ph.D. from Oxford. He is the
author of Creation, Evolution & the Christian Faith (1969).
Joel Adams Ph.D. Professor of Computer Science at Calvin
College. His BS (cum laude) in
psychology with minors in math and computer science was from Geneva College,
his MS and Ph.D. in computer science are both from the University of
Pittsburgh.
Mortimer Adler Ph.D. was a professor at the University of Chicago
and editor of the encyclopedia Britannica and author of 45 books. His Ph.D. was from Columbia University.
Neal Adrian Ph.D. is Principal Scientist Investigator,
Environmental Science: US Army Research & Development Center. He has a Ph.D. in Microbiology from the
University of Oklahoma.
Paul Clarence Aebersold PhD a biophysicist for Oak Ridge and other major
research laboratories. He graduated cum laude from Stanford University and has
a MA and PhD from the University of California.
Theodore E. Agard Ph.D. is a Director of Medical Physics at Flower
Hospital Oncology Center, Ohio and at Medical College of Ohio. He holds a BS (first class Honors) in
Physics, a MS in Physics both from the University of London, and a Ph.D. in
Physics from the University of Toronto.
Peter A. Pagan Aguiar Ph.D. is Professor of Philosophy at Aquinas
College, Nashville, TN. His BS is from Berkeley, his MA and PhD are both from
Fordham University, all in philosophy.
Stephen J. Ahn B.A.,
B.S. received a BS in
Meteorology from San Jose State University in San Jose, California and has
completed graduate work at UCLA and USDA.
He has worked for the National Weather Service for almost 11 years as a
Meteorologist and recently accepted a job for the U.S. Navy in Japan.
David Aikman Ph.D.
Associate Professor of History Patrick Henry College. A world-renowned
journalist, was a Time magazine journalist for most of his career. Born in Surrey, England, he attended Stowe
School in Bucks, England on a scholarship.
He later came to the United States, became a U.S. citizen, and earned a
MA in Central Asian languages, and a Ph.D. in Russian and Chinese History both
from the University of Washington in Seattle.
James Aist Ph.D. Professor of Plant Pathology, Cornell
University, Ithaca, NY. His B.S. and
M.S. from the University of Arkansas and his Ph.D. from the University of
Wisconsin.
Mustafa Akoyl MS is Media Director of International Relations
at the Intercultural Dialogue Platform (a foundation in Istanbul), freelance
writer, and spokesman for Islamic organizations interested in origins science.
Russell G. Akridge Ph.D. earned a BS from the Georgia Institute of
Technology in Atlanta, Georgia, a MS, and a Ph.D. all in Physics from the
Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, Georgia. Akridge is now an Associate Professor of Physics in the
Department of Biological and Physical Sciences at Kennesaw State University,
Kennesaw, Georgia.
Nicholas M. Aksionczyk
M.S. author and adjunct
faculty at Chapman University in history.
He earned his MS from California State University at Sacramento.
Ann-Sofie Albrekt Ph.D.
is a Creation Speaker from Sweden, is a bioinformatics specialist and
researcher at Microarray Resource Center in Lund Sweden.
Mauricio Alcocer Ph.D. is Director of Graduate Studies at
Autonomous University of Guadalajara in Mexico. His Ph.D. in Plant Science is from the University of Idaho.
Moorad Alexanian PhD is a Professor of Physics at the University
of North Carolina, Wilmington.
Braxton Alfred is Emeritus
Professor of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia.
Charles Aling Ph.D. is Professor of History at Northwestern
College. His Ph.D. in Ancient
History/Egyptology is from the University of Minnesota.
Frank Allen PhD. Professor emeritus of biophysics at the
University of Manitoba, Canada. His MA and PhD are from Cornell in biophysics.
He has published widely in the area of color vision.
James S. Allan Ph.D. holds a B.S. in Agriculture from the
University of Natal, a MS in Agriculture from Stellenbosch, and a Ph.D. in
Genetics from Edinburgh University, Scotland.
He recently retired as Senior Lecturer in the Department of genetics at
the University of Stellenbosch, South Africa, and now lectures at universities,
and also serves as an international consultant in the cattle breeding.
Roland C. Aloia Ph.D. is Professor of Biochemistry and
Anesthesiology at Loma Linda University.
His Ph.D. is from the University of California, Riverside.
Dilkushi de Alwis PhD is a research scientist. She has a PhD from
Cornell University in envirmental engineering.
David Allen B.App.Sc. has a BS in Applied Geology from the
University of New South Wales in Sydney, and works as an exploration
geophysicist.
Wesley Allen is Professor
of Computational Quantum Chemistry and senior research scientist at the
University of Georgia. His BA is in
chemistry and physics from Vanderbilt and his Ph.D. is in Theoretical Chemistry
from the University of California, Berkeley.
Carlos A. Alvarez Ph.D.
currently teaches at Pensacola Christian College, Pensacola, Florida. He has a Ph.D. in Biochemistry/Molecular
Biology. His Ph.D. is from the
University of Georgia in Biochemistry.
Jesus Ambriz is Professor of
Medicine at Autonomous University of Guadalajara in Mexico.
Edmund J. Ambrose D.Sc. is Professor Emeritus at the University of
London and head department of Cell Biology at the Chester Beatty Research
Institute University of London. He has
a BA from Cambridge and a D.Sc. from London University in cell biology. He is the author of many books, including
the text Cell Biology, and The Nature and Origin of the Biological
World (Halsted), which advocates Intelligent Design.
Arie van Nieuw Amerongen Ph.D. is professor and chairman of the dental school, faculty of
medicine at the Vrije University in Amsterdam, Holland. His Ph.D. is in Biochemistry from Vrije
University.
Changhyuk An Ph.D. has a Ph.D. in Physics from the University
of Tennessee.
Ralph E. Ancil Ph.D. has a degree in Mathematics, and also
studied Genetics and Biology. His Ph.D.
is in Resource Economics, and he is on the Board of Advisors of the Agrarian
Foundation. Until retirement he was a
Professor at Franciscan University in Steubenville, Ohio.
Albert S. Anderson
M.D. practices medicine
at Taylor, South Carolina, specializing in allergies. He has taught Biology, Zoology, Embryology, and Physiology at
Shelton College, and has served on the medical staff at Bob Jones
University. He trained at Johns Hopkins
University, New York Medical College, and the University of Michigan.
Barton P. Anderson
M.S. a research
scientist, has a BS in Physics from Wheaton College and a MS in Aeronautical
Engineering from the Naval Post-Graduate School in Monterey, California.
Edward J. Anderson
Ph.D. Control &
Management Systems Dept. of Engineering, Univ. of Cambridge; His Ph.D. is in
Operations Management, Australian Graduate School of Management, University of
New South Wales, Australia.
J. Kerby Anderson
Ph.D. received his BS in
Zoology from Oregon State University, his M.F.S. in Ecology and Evolution from
Yale University, a MA from Georgetown University and a Ph.D. from Loyola
University.
Kevin L. Anderson
Ph.D. Professor of
Microbiology at Mississippi State University, and research scientist for the
U.S. government. He received a BS, MS,
and Ph.D. in Food Science and Microbiology from Kansas State University,
Manhattan, Kansas. He did his
Postdoctoral Study at the University of Illinois from 1987 to 1991 and has
published over 20 research papers.
Richard Anderson Ph.D. is
Assistant Professor of Environmental Science and Policy at Duke
University. He has a Ph.D. in Geography
and Environmental Engineering, a M.S.E. in Mechanical Engineering, and B.S.E.
in Engineering Mathematics, all from The Johns Hopkins University.
Ronald Anderson Ph.D. is Full Professor of education at the
University of Colorado, Boulder. He has
a B.S. in Physics and a Ph.D. in Education, both from the University of
Wisconsin.
Ross S. Anderson
Ph.D. is Professor of
Biological Sciences at the Master’s College, in Santa Clarita, California. He received his BA from Austin College, a
M.B.S. from the University of Colorado, and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Baylor
College of Medicine.
Niels-Erik Andreasen Ph.D. is President of Andrews University in
Berrien Springs, Michigan. He has a BA
in history from Newbold College in England, a MA in Biblical Studies, and a
Ph.D. from Vanderbilt in Religious Studies.
Gabriela Andrei M.S. is at the Institute of Geodynamics, the
Roman Academy, in Bucharest, Rumania.
His MS is in Physics.
Edgar Harold Andrews
Ph.D. is Professor
emeritus of Materials and Head, Department of Materials Science at Queen Mary
and Westfield College (University of London).
He has a BS with Honors in Theoretical Physics and a Ph.D. and D.Sc. in
Physics, both from the University of London.
He received a FIM, CEng and also a CPhys. and was awarded the A.A.
Griffith Medal.
John Ankerberg D.Min has a BA from the University of Illinois, a
MM in the history of Christian Thought; and a M.Div., all with academic honors,
and a M.S. and D.Min. from Luther Rice Seminary, Atlanta, Georgia.
Aila Annala (theol.
Kand.) studied at Newbold
College in England and at the Universities of Uppsala and Lund in Sweden with
additional studies in Semitic Languages from Lund.
Tim Anstine Ph.D. is Professor of Chemistry at Northwest
Nazarene University in Nampa, Idaho. His
Ph.D. is in Organic Chemistry from the University of Nevada.
Mark Apkarian Ph.D. has a Ph.D. in Exercise Physiology from the
University of New Mexico.
Michael J. Arct Ph.D. received his Ph.D. in Dendrochronology from Loma
Linda University in 1991, and is currently with the Department of Natural
Science at Loma Linda University in Loma Linda, California.
Chad Arment B.S. has a BS from Wright State University, and
is a herpetologist with an interest in wildlife and natural history.
Mark H. Armitage
M.S. studied studied
Biology and Plant Pathology at the University of Florida, has been a
microscopist since 1977. Currently,
adjunct professor of Biology and Electron Microscopy at the Master’s College
and Azusa Pacific University, he is completing his Ph.D.
Harold Armstrong M.S. is Professor of Physics at Queen’s
University in Ontario, Canada. His MS
is in physics from Queen’s University in Ontario.
Neil Armitage Ph.D is Associate Professor of Civil Engineering University
of Cape Town South Africa. He has a
B.Sc. in engineering from the University of Natal (Durban), a M.Sc. in
engineering from the University of Cape Town, and a Ph.D. in engineering from
the University of Stellenbosch. He has
over 20 professional publications.
Alexander Arndt Ph.D. is the former Vice-President of the U.S.S.R.
Academy of Medical Sciences, Institute for Ecology Research, and is now
Professor of Analytical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Germany.
Russell T. Arndts Ph.D. is Professor of Chemistry at St. Cloud State
University, Minnesota. He graduated
with a Ph.D. in Chemistry from Louisiana State University and a MS in organic
chemistry from Indiana University.
Philip Arnholt Ph.D. Botanist, Concordia.
Eduardo Arroyo Ph.D. is Professor of Forensics at Complutense
University in Madrid, Spain. His Ph.D.
is in Biology.
Russell Charles Artist
Ph.D. now Professor
Emeritus, was Head of the Biology Department at David Lipscomb College in
Tennessee where he taught since 1954.
He received his BS from Butler University, a MS from Northwestern
University and Ph.D. from the University of Minnesota, and has pursued
extensive graduate studies at the University of Zurich, Switzerland and, for
five years, was a Professor at Frankfurt on Main College, Germany. He is now at Amarillo College, Amarillo,
Texas.
Eugene C. Ashby is
Regents’ Professor and Distinguished Professor Emeritus at Georgia Institute of
Technology.
Paul Ashby PhD. His PhD is in chemistry from Harvard University.
Christopher Wayne Ashcraft M.S. received his
BS in Biology from Wayland Baptist University, and his MS in Plant Molecular
Biology from Texas Tech University and 140 graduate level credits for his Ph.D.
at Oklahoma State University. He is
currently a plant transformation specialist with EDEN Bioscience in Bethel,
Washington, near Seattle.
John F. Ashton Ph.D
received a BS with honors and a CRS
Chemical prize in Chemistry from the University of Newcastle, a MS in Chemistry
from the University of Tasmania and a Ph.D. in Epistemology with an Institute
of Educational Research Prize from the University of Newcastle. Ashton is currently director of Research for
the Sanitarium Health Food Company.
Alexander G. Asmolov
Ph.D. Professor at Moscow
State University from 1988 until 1998, then was the Deputy Minister of
Education in Russia. His Ph.D. is in
psychology.
Michael Atchison Ph.D. is a Professor of Biochemistry and director
of the VMD-Ph.D. combined degree program at the University of Pennsylvania's
Veterinary College. His BS in biology
is from SUNY in Albany, and his Ph.D. from New York University School of
Medicine is in cellular and molecular biology.
Gordon Atkins PhD. is professor of biology at Andrews University.
His BS, and MS are both in biology from Andrews University and his PhD is in
Biology from McGill University.
Joseph Atkinson Ph.D. is a Scientist, and Director of the Great
Lakes Program at the University of Buffalo.
His Ph.D. is in Organic Chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
Gregory A. Ator is
Associate Professor, Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Kansas
Medical Center.
Peter Atwood PhD is professor of mathematics at Cornerstone
University . His BS is from Trinity University, his MA from Princeton and his
PhD from Western Michigan University, all in mathematics.
Robert Augros has a Ph.D. in philosophy from Laval University,
Quebec and is a professor of philosophy at St. Anselm College.
Ted Aufdemberge Ph.D. is a Professor at Concordia University, Ann
Arbor, MI. He received his BS from
Concordia Teachers College, Seward, Nebraska and his MA from Wayne State
University, Detroit, Michigan. He did
post-graduate work at the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota;
Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; Oregon State University, Corvallis,
Oregon; Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan; Capital University,
Columbus, Ohio; Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania; and University of
Dayton, Dayton, Ohio.
Wayne U. Ault PhD. A geologist with the U. S. Department of the
Interior. He has a BA from Wheaton College, and an MS and PhD from Columbia
University, all in geology
Richard Austin Ph.D. Associate Professor and Chair, Biology and
Natural Sciences at Piedmont College.
His BS is from Piedmont University, his MS is from Auburn University,
and his Ph.D. is from University of Mississippi.
Steven A. Austin Ph.D. received a BS in from the University of
Washington in Seattle, a MS from San Jose State University, San Jose,
California, and a Ph.D. from Pennsylvania State University, all in
Geology. Dr. Austin is Chairman of the
Geology Department at the Institute for Creation Research in Santee, California.
Swee-Eng Aw Ph.D. was Director of the Division of Endocrine
Laboratories (London). He has a MBBS, a
Biochemist (FAMS) (London), a FRC Path., a MI Biol. (London), and a Ph.D. in
Chemical Pathology. He is now head of
the Department of Nuclear Medicine and Director of Clinical Research at Singapore
General Hospital.
Thomas H. Awtry Ph.D. teaches in the Division of Sciences,
Department of Mathematics, at Louisiana State University, in Baton Rouge,
Louisiana. Dr. Awtry received his BS in
Mathematics and Computer Science, Summa Cum Laude, and a Ph.D. in Curriculum
and Instruction (Mathematics Education) all from Louisiana State University,
Baton Rouge, Louisiana.
Douglas Axe Ph.D. formerly a protein researcher at Cambridge University,
is now Director at the Biologic Institute in Washington State. He has a Ph.D. in molecular biology.
Larry Azar Ph.D. is Professor of philosophy emeritus at
Fordham University. He has a B.S. and
M.S. in physics, math, and philosophy from Boston College and a Ph.D. in
philosophy from University of Toronto.
Joyce Azevedo PhD. Professor of Biology at Southern Adventist
University. Her BA is in biology from Union College, her MA and PhD are both in
cell and Molecular biology from University of California Riverside and MA.
Cevat Babuna Ph.D. a professor and scientist in Turkey, is
Chairman of the Turkish Federation of Gynecology. His doctorate is from Istanbul University.
David Back Ph.D. Professor of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University
of Liverpool.
Edwin Back B.S. received a BS in Chemistry from California
Polytechnic University and has worked as a research analytical chemist in the
pharmaceutical industry for twenty-five years.
Paul Back Ph.D.
is a Rhodes Scholar from South Africa.
He graduated from Oxford University with a Ph.D. in Engineering science.
Robert E. Bailey PhD is Professor Emeritus of Mechanical Engineering
at Ohio State University.
Donald G. Baker Ph.D. received a BA in biochemistry, and MS and
Ph.D. in Physiology from the University of Toronto, Canada. He spent six years as a research associate
in the university’s physiology and medical departments. He was a Professor of physiology and medical
research until 1964, when he became a radiobiologist at the Brookhaven National
Laboratories, Associated Universities, Inc. on Long Island, New York.
Mace Baker Ph.D. received his BA and MS from Biola
University, California, and Ph.D. from Columbia Pacific International
University in Australia.
Robert G. V. Baker
Ph.D. Senior Lecturer,
School of Human and Environmental Studies, University of New England,
Australia. His Ph.D. in Applied
Geography is from the University of New South Wales.
John T. Baldwin Ph.D. is Associate Professor of Systematic Theology,
Andrews University, Berrien Springs, Michigan.
John W. Balliet Ph.D. has a Ph.D. in Molecular and Cellular
Biology from the University of Pennsylvania, and a Post-doctoral Fellowship
from Harvard Medical School.
Ben Banks Ph.D. is a Research Pharmaceutical Chemist in
Greenville, North Carolina. His Ph.D.
is in Physical Chemistry.
Inez (Inis) Bardella
M.D. is Assistant
Professor, Department of Family Medicine and Clinical Epidemiology, University
of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA. Her BS in Biology (high honors) is from Washington and Jefferson
College, and her M.D. is from Temple University School of Medicine.
James Barham MA scholar and author specializing in evolutionary
epistemology, the philosophy of the mind, and the foundations of biology. He trained at the University of Texas at
Austin and in the History of Science at Harvard University. He pursued advanced study towards the Ph.D.
under the auspices of Harvard University in Athens, Greece, and Belgrade,
Yugoslavia. He is currently a Ph.D.
candidate in the History and Philosophy of Science Program at the University of
Notre Dame.
Geoff Barnard Ph.D. Senior
Research Fellow at the University of Cambridge, UK. He received a Ph.D. in M.I.
Biol. C. Biol. from the University of London and has worked as a clinical
biochemist, research scientist, a senior research fellow, a senior lecturer
(equivalent of professor in the USA) in various universities in the U.K. Has published over 50 peer-reviewed research
papers and written nine chapters for academic science textbooks. He hold five patents in the field of
immunoassay techniques.
Ross Barnes Ph.D. is Professor at Walla Walla College. His BA is in Geology from Andrews University
and his Ph.D. is in Earth Science from the University of California, San Diego,
CA.
Thomas Barnes Ph.D. is Professor Emeritus of Physics at The
University of Texas at El Paso. His
M.S. was from Brown University, and his D.Sc (Hon) from Hardin-Simmons
University, both in physics.
Daniel W. Barnette
Ph.D. is Senior Technical
Staff in the Parallel Computational Sciences Department, Aerodynamics Division
of Sandia National Laboratories. He received
his BS and MS in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Texas at Austin,
and his Ph.D. in Aeronautics/Astronautics from Stanford University, Stanford,
California.
Eric C. Barrett Ph.D.,
D.Sc. Research Scientist in
Climatology and Remote Sensing at the University of Bristol, in England. His first class Honors BS in Geography, and
a M.Sc. in climatic change are from the University of Sheffield. He lectured as a full-time faculty at
Sheffield and Leicester before moving to Bristol where he was awarded his
Ph.D., and a “higher doctorate” (D.Sc.) in 1982 for “his sustained and
distinguished” contributions to science.
Barrett is now Dean of the Radio Academy of Science.
Peter H. Barry D.Sc. is Professor of Physiology, School of
Physiology & Pharmacology, University of New South Wales, Australia. His Ph.D. is in membrane biophysics from the
University of New South Wales.
Ibrahim Barsoum Ph.D. has a Ph.D. in Microbiology from George
Washington University.
Paul G. Bartels Ph.D. received a BS in Biology and Chemistry from
Northern Colorado University, Greeley, Colorado, and a MS (Biology and
Chemistry) and Ph.D. (Plant Cellular Physiology) from Vanderbilt University,
Nashville Tennessee. His specialties
are organelle differentiation and chloroplast development. Dr. Bartels has been a Professor in the
Department of Biological Sciences at the University of Arizona since 1965.
Allen C. Bartlett
B.S. is a Ph.D. student
in the Department of Geology at Baylor University, in Waco, Texas.
Robert W. Bass Ph.D. Professor emeritus of Physics and Astronomy
at Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.
He was a Rhodes Scholar. His
Ph.D. is from John’s Hopkins University.
Gary Bates M.S. is a Professional Research Assistant at the
NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center in Boulder, Colorado. He received a BS in Physics from the
University of California, Davis, and a MS in Meteorology from the University of
Wisconsin, Madison.
M. Todd Bates PhD Assistant Professor of Rhetoric Patrick Henry
College. He has a PhD in Rhetoric from The University of Texas and was formerly
Professor of Philosophy at Criswell College.
Donald James Batten
Ph.D. a consultant
physiologist and research scientist for the Australian government. Dr. Batten holds a B.Sc.Agr. [Hons] from the
University of Sydney and a Ph.D. in Plant Physiology from the University of
Sydney. From 1976-1990 he was Research
Horticulturist, NSW Agriculture, Tropical Fruit Research Station, Alstonville. Dr. Batten also worked for eighteen years as
a research scientist with the New South Wales Department of Agriculture.
Walter Bauder Ed.D. is Associate Professor of Chemistry and Head
of the Department of Chemistry at Bryan College, Dayton, Tennessee. His Ed.D. is in Science Education with a specialty
in Chemistry from the University of Georgia.
William J. Bauer Ph.D. is President of the Bauer Engineering
Company of Chicago, which designed many major engineering systems. He has a Ph.D. in Hydraulics from the
University of Iowa and is the author of many technical papers.
Carl Edward Baugh
Ph.D. a Graduate of
Baptist Bible College, received his BA from Burton College, a MA in Biblical
Studies with major course work in Biblical Archaeology from Luther Rice Seminar,
Jacksonville, Florida, a MS in Archaeology and a Ph.D. in Anthropology from
Pacific College of Graduate Studies, Melbourne, Australia.
Michael Bauman Ph.D.,
Professor of Theology & Culture and Director of Christian Studies at
Hillsdale
College
in Hillsdale, Michigan, is the book review editor for The Journal of the
Evangelical Theological Society.
Donald P. Baumann Ph.D. serves as Professor of Biology and Chemistry
at Cedarville University, Head of the Division of Science and Mathematics. Dr. Baumann received his BS, his MS, and his
Ph.D., all from Iowa State University.
John R. Baumgardner
Ph.D. received a BS in
Electrical Engineering from Texas Tech University, Lubbock, a MS in Electrical
Engineering from Princeton University, and a MS and Ph.D. in Geophysics and
Space Physics from the University of California, Los Angeles. Dr. Baumgardner has served as staff
scientist of Theoretical Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory in New
Mexico since 1984.
Thomas S. Baurin D.Min. received a BA in Chemistry from Lawrence
College and a Th.M. and D.Min. degrees from Dallas Seminary and Trinity
Seminary. Dr. Baurin worked for eleven
years in research and development, and taught college level science courses.
Richard S. Beale, Jr. Ph.D. A research
scientist, his Ph.D. is in entomology from the University of California,
Berkeley.
Christine B. Beaucage Ph.D. has a Ph.D. in Mathematics from State
University of New York at Stony Brook.
Robert Beckett Ph.D. has a Ph.D. in Genetics from Ohio State
University.
William A. Beckman Ph.D. earned his Ph.D. in Chemistry from Case
Western Reserve University and was Professor of Physical Sciences at
Southwestern Junior College in San Diego, California.
Francis J. Beckwith
Ph.D. Associate Professor
at Baylor University and formerly Associate professor of Philosophy at Trinity
International University. His Masters
of juridical Studies is from Washington University School of law, and his Ph.D.
in philosophy is from Fordham University.
Ruth Beechick Ph.D. a former teacher and Professor of Education,
authored or edited more than 100 manuals, workbooks and books on learning and
educational topics.
Michael Behe Ph.D. is Associate Professor of Biological Sciences, Lehigh University. He received a BS in Chemistry from Drexel University, and a Ph.D. in Biochemistry from the University of Pennsylvania. After doing postdoctoral work at the National Institute of Health, he became Assistant P